These were the sorts of questions that were on the minds of plenty of Americans in the late 1940s and early 1950s, an age in which Alger Hiss, Whittaker Chambers, the House Un-American Activities Committee, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg, and of course Joseph McCarthy become household words. But what constituted disloyalty? Was it only to be defined as outright spying or sabotage? Might someone who belonged to the Communist Party be considered disloyal, whether or not he had committed any overt act against the United States? And what about a screenwriter who interjected pro-Soviet themes into a Hollywood movie, or a songwriter who criticized some aspect of American society in one of his songs? Perhaps it was the activity of disloyal Americans-in the Federal Government, in Hollywood, in the schools, etc.-that allowed China to "go communist," that handed Russia the bomb, and invited Stalin's puppets in North Korea to attack their neighbors to the South. How could these setbacks be explained? The arrest and prosecution of a number of Soviet spies in the United States seemed to provide at least a partial answer. To many, it seemed as though a new and infinitely more destructive world war was on the horizon-and this time the United States might actually lose. The following year Moscow successfully tested an atomic device of its own, and in 1950 troops from the Soviet satellite state of North Korea launched a war of aggression against South Korea. In 1948 a communist government seized power in China, the world's most populous country. To make matters worse it seemed like the Soviets might be winning. Over the next five years relations between the United States and the Soviet Union went from alliance to Cold War. It was not long before these glorious expectations were dashed. Surely, they believed, they were witnessing the dawn of a new golden age. And, of course, the United States was the only country in the world to possess that awesome new weapon, the atomic bomb. economy was clearly the strongest in the world. Moreover, as the only major combatant to avoid having its homeland ravaged by war, the U.S. They had, after all, been part of a global alliance that destroyed the military power of Germany and Japan.
Americans emerged from World War II with a renewed sense of confidence.
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